DefinePK

Abstract

Hydrogels are three-dimensional networks of polymer chains that have the property to absorb and retain a significant amount of water. Polymers like cellulose, chitosan, alginate, starch, and pectin are usually used to prepare hydrogels. Cross-linking is a fundamental process in hydrogel formation, transforming soluble polymers into three-dimensional networks capable of absorbing and retaining large amounts of water. Over the past few years, polysaccharide-based hydrogels have emerged as a sustainable material for agricultural practices to address the issues of limited water supply and increase the protective properties of the soils. This review discusses the types of hydrogels and the principles of swelling and cross-linking of hydrogels, especially in biopolymers (guar gum, pectin, and sodium alginate). These biopolymers are biodegradable, eco-friendly, and increase the capability of arid and semi-arid soils to retain water, enhance the utilization of nutrients, and promote plant growth. A thorough search of scientific databases was conducted to identify the relevant studies that were used to compile the most relevant and reliable results. This review also highlights the recent developments and limitations in the hydrogel technology for sustainable agricultural practices.