DefinePK

Research Objective

To propose a satellite constellation in Low Earth Orbit (LEO) for Pakistan that provides continuous coverage, aiming for low latency, reduced fuel consumption, and minimal signal transmission loss.

Methodology

The study utilized System Tool Kit (STK) software for designing and visualizing a satellite constellation. Pakistan was selected as the target region. The methodology involved defining orbital parameters (inclination and altitude), creating a constellation of satellites (initially 20, then 6 for demonstration), and analyzing satellite access and coverage using STK's tools like figure of merit and grid inspector. The concept of "satellite handshaking" was central to achieving continuous coverage.

Methodology Flowchart

                        graph TD;
    A[Define Target Area: Pakistan] --> B[Select Orbital Parameters: Inclination, Altitude];
    B --> C[Design Satellite Constellation using STK];
    C --> D[Simulate Satellite Access and Coverage];
    D --> E[Implement Satellite Handshaking];
    E --> F[Analyze Results: Coverage Percentage];
    F --> G[Propose Constellation Specifications];                    

Discussion

LEO constellations offer cost-effectiveness and improved performance compared to GEO, making them suitable for developing countries. The lifetime of LEO satellites (5-8 years) necessitates replacement strategies. The study highlights that LEO constellations can support 5G and beyond, providing services like voice, SMS, and broadband with low latency. Regulatory compliance with the ITU's tiered management approach is important for deploying such constellations.

Key Findings

A proposed LEO constellation design for Pakistan can achieve 100% coverage per day. The study demonstrated that by adjusting orbital inclination and altitude, and implementing satellite handshaking, continuous communication can be maintained. The proposed constellation specifications include circular orbits at altitudes of 1000 km and 1800 km with inclinations of 40° and 37° respectively for 24-hour coverage.

Conclusion

LEO constellations of small satellites are a growing trend for global coverage, especially in areas lacking terrestrial infrastructure. The designed constellation for Pakistan aims to provide continuous, timely, and instant information with low communication latency, cost-effectiveness, and reduced fuel consumption, supporting services like voice, SMS, and broadband.

Fact Check

* LEO Satellite Lifetime: The text states LEO satellites have a lifetime of around 5-8 years. This is generally consistent with industry estimates, though it can vary based on satellite design and mission.
* Constellation Size: The text mentions SpaceX's Starlink constellation is proposed to hold 4,425 satellites. While the initial proposal was for this number, Starlink's plans have evolved and are much larger.
* Coverage Achievement: The study claims 100% coverage is achieved per day for the targeted area (Pakistan) with the proposed constellation. This is a simulation outcome based on the STK software.

Mind Map