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Title: Immunohistochemical Verification of Oral Dysplasia, Premalignant Lesions and Oral Cancer by Use of Varied Expression of Cytokeratins; A Review: Nil
Authors: Amna Waheed, Tariq Sarfraz, Fatima Kaleem, Nadia Zaib
Journal: Pakistan Armed Forces Medical Journal (PAFMJ)
Publisher: Army Medical College, Rawalpindi.
Country: Pakistan
Year: 2024
Volume: 74
Issue: 4
Language: English
Keywords: Oral cancerdysplasiapremalignant lesionscytokeratinsCK 8/18immunohistochemistryoral squamous cell carcinomaleukoplakiaoral epitheliumkeratinsoral premalignant lesionsbiomarker.
Oral cancer, predominantly squamous cell carcinoma, carries high morbidity and disease burden all over the world. Evaluation of the cellular basis of oral carcinogenesis has implied dysregulation in cytokeratins as one of the contributory factors. These intermediate filament proteins of the oral epithelium, guardian of cellular architecture, are known to maintain cellular interactions and are involved in various cell cycle regulation pathways. Oral premalignancy and neoplastic progression are often depicted by disturbed and/or haphazard expression of these cytokeratins. We present a summarized analysis of cytokeratins and explore their diagnostic potential using immunohistochemistry. CK 8/18 is a significant and reliable biomarker of oral precancer and cancer that can be utilized in addition to histopathology for early malignancy screening and intervention.
Moreover, dysplastic oral lesions are attributed to downregulation and/or gradual disappearance of CK 4/13, CK 5/14, and expression of CK 17. Increasing the diagnostic strategy using immunohistochemical techniques on specific cytokeratins and extensive sample studies on premalignant lesions, dysplasia, and oral squamous cell carcinoma can open up many possibilities. Utilizing the enhanced diagnostic spectrum of specific cytokeratins can help clinicians and dental specialists diagnose early, thus timely managing and alleviating suffering associated with oral cancer.
To analyze cytokeratins and explore their diagnostic potential in oral premalignancy and neoplastic progression using immunohistochemistry.
Summarized analysis of existing literature on cytokeratins and their expression patterns in oral dysplasia, premalignant lesions, and oral squamous cell carcinoma, focusing on immunohistochemical techniques.
graph TD
A[Literature Review: Cytokeratins in Oral Lesions] --> B[Identify CK Expression Patterns in Dysplasia, Premalignancy, Cancer];
B --> C[Analyze Diagnostic Potential via Immunohistochemistry];
C --> D[Evaluate CK 8/18, CK 4/13, CK 5/14, CK 17 Expression];
D --> E[Assess Clinical Significance for Early Detection & Prognosis];
E --> F[Conclusion: IHC for CKs Aids Early Diagnosis & Management];
The study discusses the role of specific cytokeratins in maintaining cellular architecture and their altered expression in various oral pathologies. It emphasizes the potential of immunohistochemistry in enhancing diagnostic strategies for early detection and management of oral cancer.
CK 8/18 is a significant biomarker for early detection of oral precancer and cancer. Downregulation or disappearance of CK 4/13 and CK 5/14, along with the expression of CK 17, are associated with dysplastic oral lesions.
Immunohistochemical expression of specific cytokeratins can aid in early diagnosis and management of oral premalignant and malignant pathologies, improving prognosis through timely intervention and targeted therapies.
1. Oral cancer is the 6th most common malignancy. (Confirmed by WHO data cited in the introduction).
2. 8-10% of premalignant lesions turn into oral cancer. (Supported by references 2 and 3).
3. CK 8/18 is associated with poor prognosis in poorly differentiated tumors. (Supported by reference 29).
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