DefinePK

Research Objective

To systematically review the literature on xenophobia and human resource diversity management to identify conceptualizations, contexts, types, solutions, antecedents, theoretical foundations, and methodological debates, and to uncover future research avenues and managerial guidelines in cross-cultural settings.

Methodology

Systematic literature review using the PRISMA approach. Keywords were electronically searched across multiple databases. Google Scholar profiles of prominent researchers were assessed, and a snowballing technique was employed. STATA-16 and MAXQDA-2020 software were used for data screening and analysis. The review analyzed literature spanning from 1945 to 2021, resulting in the selection of 157 papers.

Methodology Flowchart

                        graph TD
    A["Define Research Questions"] --> B["Conduct Systematic Literature Search"];
    B --> C["Screen and Select Papers"PRISMA""];
    C --> D["Extract Data and Analyze"];
    D --> E["Identify Themes and Findings"];
    E --> F["Synthesize and Conclude"];
    F --> G["Propose Future Research Directions"];                    

Discussion

The research highlights a significant gap in the literature at the intersection of xenophobia and human resource diversity management. It emphasizes the need for a clearer conceptual understanding of xenophobia within HR contexts and the development of effective HR diversity management strategies to mitigate its impact in transnational workplaces. The study discusses various theories and methodologies used to study xenophobia, suggesting avenues for future research to bridge existing gaps.

Key Findings

The study identified various forms of xenophobia (e.g., Afrophobia, Negrophobia, Homophobia, Islamophobia, Pandemic xenophobia) and three main perceptions: antipathy, empathy, and apathy. Numerous causes of xenophobic behavior were identified, including economic factors, governance deficiencies, media portrayal, and lack of education. Coping strategies range from union roles and peace architecture to education, immigrant integration, and cultural exchange programs. Social Identity Theory and Scapegoating Theory were found to be the most frequently used theories to explain xenophobia. Most studies employed qualitative methods, with a call for more quantitative and mixed-methods approaches.

Conclusion

This systematic literature review provides a comprehensive overview of xenophobia and its relationship with human resource diversity management. It identifies key forms, perceptions, causes, and solutions for xenophobia, offering a clearer direction for future research and practical managerial guidelines. The findings aim to contribute to creating more competitive and reliable transnational workplaces by addressing xenophobic attitudes.

Fact Check

* The study reviewed literature spanning from 1945 to 2021.
* A total of 157 papers were finally used after the PRISMA process.
* The China-Pakistan Economic Corridor (CPEC) is mentioned as attracting approximately USD 62 billion of Chinese investment in Pakistan.

Mind Map