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Abstract

Iron oxide nanoparticles, particularly in the form of Fe₂O₃, have gained significant attention due to their distinctive physicochemical properties and diverse biomedical applications. This review examines various synthesis methods for Fe₂O₃ nanoparticles, including co-precipitation, thermal decomposition, and green synthesis, each influencing the nanoparticles' size, morphology, and surface characteristics. Furthermore, the biological activities of Fe₂O₃ nanoparticles are discussed in detail, focusing on their antimicrobial, anticancer, anti-inflammatory, wound healing, and immunomodulatory properties. Studies show that Fe₂O₃ nanoparticles exhibit strong antimicrobial effects against a range of pathogens, including drug-resistant strains, through mechanisms such as reactive oxygen species (ROS) generation and cell membrane disruption. In cancer therapy, Fe₂O₃ nanoparticles contribute to targeted drug delivery and hyperthermia, selectively inducing apoptosis in cancer cells. Their anti-inflammatory properties aid in modulating inflammatory responses, while wound healing applications demonstrate their ability to promote cell proliferation and tissue regeneration. Additionally, the immunomodulatory effects of Fe₂O₃ nanoparticles enhance immune responses, showing potential as vaccine adjuvants and in the treatment of autoimmune conditions. This review provides a comprehensive overview of recent advancements and challenges in the application of Fe₂O₃ nanoparticles in biomedicine, suggesting future directions for optimizing their therapeutic efficacy and safety.