DefinePK

Abstract

Bioactive peptides (BPs) are inactive protein fragments that become physiologically active upon release through enzymatic hydrolysis or fermentation. These peptides exhibit a variety of biological functions, including antioxidant, antibacterial, immunomodulatory, and opioid-like effects, making them promising candidates for therapeutic and functional food applications. Accurate identification of BPs involves analytical techniques such as spectrometry, chromatography, and membrane separation. Milk derived BPs, particularly from casein and whey proteins, are among the most extensively studied due to their strong immunomodulatory properties. Lactoferrin-derived peptides, commonly used in infant formulas, support immune development and offer antibacterial benefits. As the immune system is closely linked with metabolic pathways, dietary peptides that modulate immunity may also influence inflammatory responses. Immunomodulatory peptides show potential as vaccine adjuvants, especially valuable during pandemics. Research has also demonstrated the efficacy of both natural and synthetic peptides in cancer therapy and neuroprotection, including the prevention of cerebral damage and neurodegeneration. This review highlights recent advancements in milk derived peptides with anti-inflammatory, antioxidant, and immunomodulatory effects. It also discusses their mechanisms of action, production methods, and current applications in the food and healthcare industries.